A. SUBJECT
Definition: The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun or noun phrase that precedes, and governs the main verb. The subject is the part of the sentence that performs an action or which is associated with the action.
*For example:
- He is a funny guy..
=> "He" is the subject of the sentence, controlling the verb and the complement.
- Mita plays the volleyball
=>The subject "Mita" performs the action of "playing the volleyball“.
- The police arranged the traffic
=>The subject the police performs the action of arranging the traffic.
To determine the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb, and then make a question by placing "who?" or "what?" before it. Having identified the Subject, we can see that the remainder of the sentence tells us what the Subject does or did. We refer to this string as the "predicate" of the sentence.
*For example:
- Who plays the volleyball?
=> "Mita" ( = Subject)
=> "plays the volleyball" ( = predicate) tells us what Mita does.
- Who arranged the traffic?
=> "The police" (= Subject)
=> "arranged the traffic" ( = predicate) tell us what the police did.
Subjects can either be "simple", "compound" or "complex"
Simple Subject
Composed of a single pronoun, noun or noun phrase.
Complex Subject
A complex subject consists of a noun phrase and any words, phrases, or clauses that modify it.
*For example:
- The man who had followed us inside walked over to the telephone.
=> central noun: man
=> complex subject: the man who had followed us inside
- The superior performance of La Traviata pleased the wealthy audience.
=> central noun: performance
=> complex subject: the superior performance of La Traviata
Compound Subject
A compound subject consists of two or more noun phrases (and their modifiers if any) joined together with a coordinating conjunction.
*For example:
- The man and the woman walked over to the telephone.
=> The compound subject here is the whole phrase, "the man and the woman."
- Neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission pleased the wealthy audience.
=> Again, the whole phrase, "neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission," is the subject. The phrase answers the question, "What pleased the wealthy audience?"
=>The subject "Mita" performs the action of "playing the volleyball“.
- The police arranged the traffic
=>The subject the police performs the action of arranging the traffic.
To determine the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb, and then make a question by placing "who?" or "what?" before it. Having identified the Subject, we can see that the remainder of the sentence tells us what the Subject does or did. We refer to this string as the "predicate" of the sentence.
*For example:
- Who plays the volleyball?
=> "Mita" ( = Subject)
=> "plays the volleyball" ( = predicate) tells us what Mita does.
- Who arranged the traffic?
=> "The police" (= Subject)
=> "arranged the traffic" ( = predicate) tell us what the police did.
Subjects can either be "simple", "compound" or "complex"
Simple Subject
Composed of a single pronoun, noun or noun phrase.
Complex Subject
A complex subject consists of a noun phrase and any words, phrases, or clauses that modify it.
*For example:
- The man who had followed us inside walked over to the telephone.
=> central noun: man
=> complex subject: the man who had followed us inside
- The superior performance of La Traviata pleased the wealthy audience.
=> central noun: performance
=> complex subject: the superior performance of La Traviata
Compound Subject
A compound subject consists of two or more noun phrases (and their modifiers if any) joined together with a coordinating conjunction.
*For example:
- The man and the woman walked over to the telephone.
=> The compound subject here is the whole phrase, "the man and the woman."
- Neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission pleased the wealthy audience.
=> Again, the whole phrase, "neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission," is the subject. The phrase answers the question, "What pleased the wealthy audience?"
B. VERBS
Definition: Verbs are a class of words
used to show the performance of an action (do, throw, run), existence (be),
possession (have), or state (know, love) of a subject. To put it simply a verb
shows what something or someone does.
*For example:
- Junawan reads a book.
*For example:
- Junawan reads a book.
=>Here,
the verb reads certainly denotes an action which Junawan performs - the action
of reading a book.
- They buy some books to learn English verbs.
- They buy some books to learn English verbs.
=>In
this example, the action word is "to buy". It tells us that the
subject "they", that is the person who performs the action of the
verb is "buying some books".
The verb tense shows the time of the action or state. Aspect shows whether the action or state is completed or not. Voice is used to show relationships between the action and the people affected by it. Mood shows the attitude of the speaker about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an order. Verbs can be affected by person and number to show agreement with the subject.
Most statements in speech and writing have a main verb. These verbs are expressed in "tenses" which place everything in a point in time.
Verbs are conjugated (inflected) to reflect how they are used. There are two general areas in which conjugation occurs; for person and for tense.
Conjugation for tense
Conjugation for tense is carried out on all verbs. All conjugations start with the infinitive form of the verb.
The infinitive is simply the to form of the verb For example, to begin.
The present participle form (the -ing form), is formed by adding ing to the bare infinitive. For example, to begin - beginning.
There are two other forms that the verb can take, depending on the tense type and time, the simple past form and the past participle.
The form of the verb or its tense can tell when events take place.
For example, the verb kiss:
Present Simple: kiss/kisses
Past Simple: kissed
Future Simple: will kiss
Present Perfect: has/have kissed
Past Perfect: had kissed
Future Perfect: will have kissed
Present Continuous (Progressive): is/am/are kissing
Past Continuous (Progressive): was kissing
Future Continuous (Progressive): will be kissing
Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive): has/have been kissing
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive): had been kissing
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive): will have been kissing
Conjugation for person
Conjugation for person occurs when the verb changes form, depending on whether it is governed by a first, second, or third person subject. This gives three conjugations for any verb depending on who is acting as the subject of the verb. For example: we have I begin, you begin , and he begins. Note that only the third conjunction really shows a difference.
In English, we distinguish between regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs are those ones which form their past simple and past participle just by adding "-ed" to the base of the verb. The rest are irregular.
Examples:
* Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
* In early October, Giselle will plant twenty tulip bulbs.
* She travels to work by train.
* We walked five miles to a garage.
The verb tense shows the time of the action or state. Aspect shows whether the action or state is completed or not. Voice is used to show relationships between the action and the people affected by it. Mood shows the attitude of the speaker about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an order. Verbs can be affected by person and number to show agreement with the subject.
Most statements in speech and writing have a main verb. These verbs are expressed in "tenses" which place everything in a point in time.
Verbs are conjugated (inflected) to reflect how they are used. There are two general areas in which conjugation occurs; for person and for tense.
Conjugation for tense
Conjugation for tense is carried out on all verbs. All conjugations start with the infinitive form of the verb.
The infinitive is simply the to form of the verb For example, to begin.
The present participle form (the -ing form), is formed by adding ing to the bare infinitive. For example, to begin - beginning.
There are two other forms that the verb can take, depending on the tense type and time, the simple past form and the past participle.
The form of the verb or its tense can tell when events take place.
For example, the verb kiss:
Present Simple: kiss/kisses
Past Simple: kissed
Future Simple: will kiss
Present Perfect: has/have kissed
Past Perfect: had kissed
Future Perfect: will have kissed
Present Continuous (Progressive): is/am/are kissing
Past Continuous (Progressive): was kissing
Future Continuous (Progressive): will be kissing
Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive): has/have been kissing
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive): had been kissing
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive): will have been kissing
Conjugation for person
Conjugation for person occurs when the verb changes form, depending on whether it is governed by a first, second, or third person subject. This gives three conjugations for any verb depending on who is acting as the subject of the verb. For example: we have I begin, you begin , and he begins. Note that only the third conjunction really shows a difference.
In English, we distinguish between regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs are those ones which form their past simple and past participle just by adding "-ed" to the base of the verb. The rest are irregular.
Examples:
* Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
* In early October, Giselle will plant twenty tulip bulbs.
* She travels to work by train.
* We walked five miles to a garage.
C. COMPLEMENT
A complement is the part of a Sentence that comes after the Verb and is needed to make the sentence complete. The following are the most important types of complement used in English:
a. SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Eg: He's a surveyor. (The Subject is completed by the complement to the verb. This is a Copula Verb).
b. OBJECT COMPLEMENT
Eg: She sent him the fax. (The sentence is completed by telling us what she sent to him.)
c. ADJECTIVAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They'll be happy. (The sentence is completed by the Adjective; this could be extended further, they'll be happy to see us, etc..)
d. PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They talked about what needed doing. (The sentence is completed by the Phrase linked to the verb by the Preposition.)
Eg: He's a surveyor. (The Subject is completed by the complement to the verb. This is a Copula Verb).
b. OBJECT COMPLEMENT
Eg: She sent him the fax. (The sentence is completed by telling us what she sent to him.)
c. ADJECTIVAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They'll be happy. (The sentence is completed by the Adjective; this could be extended further, they'll be happy to see us, etc..)
d. PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT
Eg: They talked about what needed doing. (The sentence is completed by the Phrase linked to the verb by the Preposition.)
D. MODIFIER
Ttells the time, place or manner of the
action. Very often it's a prepositional phrase. Prepotional phrase is a group
of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.
Note :
A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.
Note :
A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.
Example of prepositional phrases :
In the morning, at university, on the table
A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase :
Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday
In the morning, at university, on the table
A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase :
Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday
Example : John bought a book at the
bookstore
(modifier place)
Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday
(modifier of place)(modifier of time)
Note :
The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it's a prepositional phrase, usually can't separate the verb and the complement.
(modifier place)
Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday
(modifier of place)(modifier of time)
Note :
The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it's a prepositional phrase, usually can't separate the verb and the complement.
Example : She drove the car on the
street
(verb) (complement)
(verb) (complement)
EXAMPLE :
1. George is
cooking dinner tonight
Subject Verb
Phrase Complement Modifier of
Time
2. Henry and Marcia have
visited the president
Subject Verb
Phrase Complement
3. We can
eat lunch in
this restaurant today
Subject Verb Complement Modifier
of Place Modifier of Time
4. Pat should
have bought gasoline yesterday
Subject Verb
Phrase Complement Modifier
of Time
5. Tress grow
Subject Verb
6. It was
raining at seven o’clock this morning
Subject Verb
Phrase Modifier
of Time
7. She opened a
checking account at
the bank last
week
Subject Verb Complement Modifier
of Place Modifier of Time
8. Harry is
washing dishes right
now
Subject Verb
Phrase Complement Modifier of
Time
9. She opened her
book
Subject Verb Complement
10. Paul, William and Mary were
watching television a
few minutes ago
Subject Verb
Phrase Complement Modifier
of Time
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